Rust Away Mac OS
Rust Away Mac OS
Google announces the Android Open Source Project now supports Rust for developing the OS itself, providing more memory safety guarantees than C and C — Android as a complete OS solution involves a lot of moving parts. Very broadly speaking, these parts are the app ecosystem and then the OS itself. Hi, I use Windows now and Rust works great in the CLion IDE with Rustup. However I am considering buying IMac and I wasn't sure how Rustup works in Mac OS. I searched for an installation in the website and there is this line 'x8664-appledarwin'. Is that the correct installation? I would like to hear your experience with using Rust on Mac. The best way to restore your Mac to factory settings is to erase your hard drive and reinstall macOS. After macOS installation is complete, the Mac restarts to a setup assistant that asks you to choose a country or region. To leave the Mac in an out-of-box state, don't continue setup. Instead, press Command-Q to shut down the Mac. As for Mac OS, Rust requirements here start with OS X Lion 10.7 operating system. Processor needs to be at least Intel Core i7-3770 / AMD FX-9590. 8 GB of RAM is required. Your graphics card should be GTX 670 2GB / AMD R9 280 better. Finally, the game needs 20 GB of free disk space. As for recommended OS, it is OS X El Capitan 10.11. I have a rust project including paho-mqtt = '0.7.1' it's building on Linux but when I try to build it on my Macbook (OS 10.15.5) I receive the following error: debug:Target: x8664-apple-darwin.
Start up from macOS Recovery
Determine whether you're using a Mac with Apple silicon, then follow the appropriate steps:
Apple silicon
Turn on your Mac and continue to press and hold the power button until you see the startup options window. Click the gear icon labeled Options, then click Continue.
Intel processor
Make sure that your Mac has a connection to the internet. Then turn on your Mac and immediately press and hold Command (⌘)-R until you see an Apple logo or other image.
If you're asked to select a user you know the password for, select the user, click Next, then enter their administrator password.
Reinstall macOS
Select Reinstall macOS from the utilities window in macOS Recovery, then click Continue and follow the onscreen instructions.
Follow these guidelines during installation:
Rust Away Mac Os Update
- If the installer asks to unlock your disk, enter the password you use to log in to your Mac.
- If the installer doesn't see your disk, or it says that it can't install on your computer or volume, you might need to erase your disk first.
- If the installer offers you the choice between installing on Macintosh HD or Macintosh HD - Data, choose Macintosh HD.
- Allow installation to complete without putting your Mac to sleep or closing its lid. Your Mac might restart and show a progress bar several times, and the screen might be empty for minutes at a time.
After installation is complete, your Mac might restart to a setup assistant. If you're selling, trading in, or giving away your Mac, press Command-Q to quit the assistant without completing setup. Then click Shut Down. When the new owner starts up the Mac, they can use their own information to complete setup.
Other macOS installation options
When you install macOS from Recovery, you get the current version of the most recently installed macOS, with some exceptions:
- On an Intel-based Mac: If you use Shift-Option-Command-R during startup, you're offered the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available. If you use Option-Command-R during startup, in most cases you're offered the latest macOS that is compatible with your Mac. Otherwise you're offered the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available.
- If the Mac logic board was just replaced, you may be offered only the latest macOS that is compatible with your Mac. If you just erased your entire startup disk, you may be offered only the macOS that came with your Mac, or the closest version still available.
You can also use these methods to install macOS, if the macOS is compatible with your Mac:
- Use the App Store to download and install the latest macOS.
- Use the App Store or a web browser to download and install an earlier macOS.
- Use a USB flash drive or other secondary volume to create a bootable installer.
Rust is a systems programming language focused on speed and safe concurrency, and which I’ve been using for personal projects heavily since the 1.0 release last year. Most of these projects have been replacements for existing scripts in my workflows or new command line tools, but I wanted to create a Mac application and determine if it would benefit from Rust’s memory efficiency, safety, and robust library ecosystem.
I’ve done iOS and Mac application development for many years and it's worth noting that the hardest part of Cocoa development has always been learning the frameworks rather than the languages. This experiment is about applying Cocoa and Rust knowledge to create something safe and yet easy to work with.
Getting started with Cocoa crates
There are already crates for working with the Objective-C runtime, such as the [CODE]objc[/CODE] and [CODE]block[/CODE] crates, which are for using the runtime directly and interfacing with Apple’s block extensions respectively. The [CODE]objc[/CODE] crate in particular provides the [CODE]msg_send![/CODE] macro, which is a basic interface to messaging Objective-C objects. Here’s an example of creating an [CODE]NSObject[/CODE]:
-- CODE language-rust --
unsafe {
let cls = Class::get('NSObject').unwrap();
let obj: *mut Object = msg_send![cls, new];
}
The [CODE]cocoa[/CODE] crate builds on this to provide an interface to using frameworks including AppKit for drawing windows and views onscreen. It also has an interesting take on implementing Objective-C classes in that translates them to traits which are implemented by a generic [CODE]NSObject[/CODE] type. This snippet creates an app and a window, and presents it on screen:
-- CODE language-rust --
unsafe {
let _pool = NSAutoreleasePool::new(nil);
let app = NSApp();
app.setActivationPolicy_(NSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular);
let window = NSWindow::alloc(nil).initWithContentRect_styleMask_backing_defer_(
NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(0., 0.), NSSize::new(200., 200.)),
NSTitledWindowMask as NSUInteger,
NSBackingStoreBuffered,
NO
).autorelease();
let title = NSString::alloc(nil).init_str('Hello World!');
window.setTitle_(title);
window.makeKeyAndOrderFront_(nil);
app.run();
}
Pretty cool, though as is, the entire interface is unsafe, missing the hopeful goal of the experiment. This approach could still be interesting when writing the application core code in Rust, and then packaging it using Cocoa bindings.
Wrapping Cocoa APIs in “safety”
Given those caveats, couldn’t we create Rust wrappers for Objective-C classes? Of course! After some trial and error, I had a base trait to use for wrapping and interacting with Objective-C objects:
-- CODE language-rust --
use objc::runtime::Object;
pub type Id = *mut Object;
pub trait ObjCClass: Sized {
/// Returns pointer to underlying objc object
fn ptr(&self) -> Id;
/// Creates an instance from an objc object pointer, failing
/// if the pointer is not an instance of the wrapped class
fn from_ptr(ptr: Id) -> Option<self>;</self>
/// The printed name of the class
fn class_name() -> &'static str;
/// Type-safe reference to an instance with a nil pointer
fn nil() -> Self;
/// Performs an `isKindOfClass` check to whether a particular
/// pointer is an instance of the wrapped class
fn ptr_is_class(ptr: Id) -> bool;
/// Change an instance of one class into another, failing if
/// the pointer is not an instance of the preferred class.
/// Useful for converting between inherited classes e.g.
/// NSDictionary to NSMutableDictionary.
fn coerce<t: objcclass='>(&self) -> Option<t> {</t></t:>
T::from_ptr(self.ptr())
}
/// Designate this instance as suitable for being released
/// once it is out of scope
fn autorelease(&self) -> Self;
/// Drop the Objective-C reference. The object is then invalid
fn release(&mut self);
}
Note that this creates a Rust object with a reference to an Objective-C object, but the overall effect is minimal as most interaction still happens in Objective-C runtime land.
Using this trait was most easily done creating a handy macro named [CODE]impl_objc_class[/CODE], and then wrapping the average class became easy! Here’s an example which wraps a few methods on [CODE]NSString[/CODE].
-- CODE language-rust --
const UTF8_ENCODING: NSUInteger = 4;
impl_objc_class!(NSString);
impl NSString {
/// Creates an `NSString` from a `str`.
pub fn from(content: &str) -> Self {
let ptr: *mut Object = unsafe {
let string: *mut Object = msg_send![class!('NSString'), alloc];
msg_send![string, initWithBytes:content.as_ptr()
length:content.len()
encoding:UTF8_ENCODING]
};
NSString { ptr: ptr }
}
/// The length of the string as measured in UTF-8 code points
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
unsafe { msg_send![self.ptr, lengthOfBytesUsingEncoding:UTF8_ENCODING] }
}
}
The class can now be used directly, and without [CODE]unsafe[/CODE]:
-- CODE language-rust --
let greeting = NSString::from('hello');
assert_eq!(greeting.len(), 5);
Resources still need to be released (or auto-released, if applicable) when they are no longer needed, but classes became much easier to use. I explored some options such as implementing a [CODE]Drop[/CODE] trait to automatically discard Objective-C objects once the Rust reference goes out of scope, but this behavior is not always desirable, especially when working with references to applications and windows which are expected to stay for the life time of the application, or at least longer than the current scope.
Packaging Rust into an app
While we can use the snippets of the cocoa crate to run an executable, the executable is not packaged as an app bundle, which would be suitable for having an app icon, putting an app in the dock, or being registered as a default application (like being the mail client used for [CODE]mailto:[/CODE] links, for example). For that, we’d need to package the executable into an app bundle.
An easy way to create an app bundle which launches Rust code is to create a Cocoa app with a Rust and dependent app target. This requires a few steps in Xcode:
- Create a new app using the Cocoa app template
- Add a second “External build system” target to the application which creates the Rust binary
- Add the second target to the default app target as a dependency
- Add the rust executable as a bundled resource of the app target
- Replace the default AppDelegate with a script to launch the Rust binary, something like this bit of Swift:
-- CODE language-rust --
let task = Process()
task.launchPath = Bundle.main.path(forResource: 'my-rust-program', ofType: nil)
task.launch()
task.waitUntilExit()
I’ve created an example which shows all of these parts in action, adds an app icon, and pipes output from the Rust executable to the system console.
Conclusions
The initial results were less than ergonomic when using the existing Cocoa crate since the interface did not add additional safety, and perhaps removed some because the generic object type conformed to every Cocoa class trait. I could (and did) call the wrong methods on Cocoa class instances.
Writing my own layer of classes on top of [CODE]objc[/CODE] improved the latter, though it was more initial overhead to write wrappers before using classes, and still felt clumsy when converting between values in class clusters for example. There is potential for a “Rustier” crate for interfacing with Objective-C, or a generator which makes ergonomic method names. Despite this, I mapped a number of Objective-C classes by hand, and while my stylistic choices probably aren’t suitable for a general use library, Rust+Cocoa became very fast to use and iterate on ideas. The approach could be worth a try if you have reusable components in Rust to share with a Cocoa application, and have constructs unsuitable for use with the foreign function interface.
Mac Os Mojave
There’s more I could cover here about the experience, like how to declare your own Objective-C classes in Rust and implementing protocols, but that should be the topic of a later post.
I’ve made some longer examples demonstrating the snippets in this post as well as a general template usable for packaging a mac app, which is available on GitHub.
Rust Away Mac Os X
Thanks for reading!
Rust Away Mac OS